Chapter 12 – Sexually Transmissible Infections (STIs)
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Genital warts
Examination
Investigations
Management
Treatment
Contact tracing
Department of Health. Eighth National HIV Strategy 2018-2022. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2018. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022/06/eighth-national-hiv-strategy-2018-2022.pdf.
CloseDepartment of Health. Third National Hepatitis B Strategy 2018-2022. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2018. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022/06/third-national-hepatitis-b-strategy-2018-2022.pdf.
CloseDepartment of Health. Fourth National Sexually Transmissible Infections Strategy 2018-2022. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2018. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022/06/fourth-national-sexually-transmissible-infections-strategy-2018-2022.pdf.
CloseDepartment of Health. Fifth National Hepatitis C Strategy 2018-2022. Australian Government; 2018. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022/06/fifth-national-hepatitis-c-strategy-2018-2022.pdf.
CloseDepartment of Health. Fifth National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Blood Borne Viruses and Sexually Transmissible Infections Strategy 2018-2022. Australian Government; 2018. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2022/06/fifth-national-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-bloodborne-viruses-and-sexually-transmissible-infections-strategy-2018-2022.pdf.
CloseSTI/HIV Testing Tool: Easy as 1-2-3 [internet]. New South Wales Sexually Transmissible Infections Programs Unit (NSW STIPU): NSW Government; 2017. Available from: https://stipu.nsw.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/STI-HIV-Testing-Tool-online-version-2.pdf.
CloseAustralian STI Management Guidelines for use in Primary Care [internet]. Australasian Sexual Health Alliance; 2019. [Updated 2019]. Available from: http://sti.guidelines.org.au/.
CloseAustralian Sexually Transmissible Infection & HIV Testing Guidelines 2019: For asymptomatic men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmissible Infections in Gay Men Action Group (STIGMA): New South Wales Sexually Transmissible Infections Programs Unit (NSW STIPU); 2019. Available from: https://stipu.nsw.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/STIGMA_Guidelines2019_Final-1.pdf
CloseRoyal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP). RACGP position on the use of chaperones in general practice. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.racgp.org.au/download/Documents/Policies/Clinical/racgpposition-chaperones.pdf.
CloseAustralasian Contract Tracing Guidelines [internet]. Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine (ASHM), Australian Government, Department of Health; 2021 (under review). Available from: http://contacttracing.ashm.org.au/.
CloseKirby Institute. HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: annual surveillance report 2018. Sydney: Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney; 2018. Available from: https://kirby.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/kirby/report/KI_Annual-Surveillance-Report-2018.pdf.
CloseHaggerty C, Gottleib SL, Taylor BD, Low N, Xu F, Ness RB. Risk of sequelae after Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection in women. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(Suppl 2):S134-55.
CloseAustralian STI Management Guidelines for use in Primary Care [internet]. Australasian Sexual Health Alliance. Chlamydia; [updated 2018 March 29]. Available from: http://www.sti.guidelines.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections/chlamydia.
CloseTempleton D, Jin F, Imrie J, Prestage GP, Donovan B, Cunningham PH, et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for pharyngeal chlamydia in the community based Health in Men (HIM) cohort of homosexual men in Sydney, Australia. Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84(5):361-3.
CloseBernstein K, Stephens SC, Barry PM, Kohn R, Philip SS, Liska S, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea transmission from the oropharynx to the urethra among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 49(12):1793-7.
CloseThe Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP). Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice. 9th ed. East Melbourne, Victoria: RACGP; 2018.
CloseNSW Health. NSW Sexually Transmissible Infection Strategy 2016-2020: Data Report. [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/Reports/Publications/sti/nsw-sti-report-jan-june-2017.pdf.
CloseBroady, T., Chan, C., Bavinton, B., Mao, L., Molyneux, A., Delhomme, F., Power, C., Fraser, N., Prestage, G., & Holt, M. (2021). Gay Community Periodic Survey: Sydney 2021. Sydney: Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney
CloseMcDonagh P, Ryder N, McNulty A, Freedman E. Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in urban Sydney women: prevalence and predictors. Sex Health. 2009;6:241-4.
CloseField N, Clifton S, Alexander S, Ison CA, Hughes G, Beddows S, et al. Confirmatory assays are essential when using molecular testing for Neisseria gonorrhoea in low-prevalence settings: insights from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91(5):338-41.
CloseAustralian STI Management Guidelines for use in Primary Care [internet]. Australasian Sexual Health Alliance. Gonorrhoea. [Updated 2019]. Available from: http://www.sti.guidelines.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections/gonorrhoea
CloseCornelisse V. Could saliva be the main driver of gonorrhoea transmission? RACP Quarterly. 2018;March/April:26-7.
CloseMcGowin C, Anderson-Smits C. Mycoplasma genitalium: an emerging cause of sexually transmitted disease in women. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(5):e1001324
CloseAustralasian STI Management Guidelines for use in Primary Care [internet]. Australasian Sexual Health Alliance. Mycoplasma genitalium. [Updated 2018 July 11]. Available from: http://www.sti.guidelines.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections/mycoplasma-genitalium.
CloseSpeeDx. Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) [internet]. Available from: https://plexpcr.com/products/sexually-transmitted-infections/resistanceplus-mg/
CloseMSHC Treatment Guidelines [internet]. Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health; 2019. Mycoplasma genitalium; [2019 September]. Available from: https://www.mshc.org.au/health-professionals/treatment-guidelines/mycoplasma-genitalium-treatment-guidelines
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Bradshaw C. Vaginal Symptoms. In: Russell D BD, Fairley C, editor. Sexual Health Medicine. East Hawthorn, Victoria: IP Communications; 2005. p. 72-86.
CloseAustralasian STI Management Guidelines for use in Primary Care [internet]. Australasian Sexual Health Alliance. Trichomoniasis. [Updated 2018 Mar 29]. Available from: http://www.sti.guidelines.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections/trichomoniasis.
CloseCunningham A, Taylor R, Taylor J, Marks C, Shaw J, Mindel A. Prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in Australia: a nationwide population based survey. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82:164-8.
CloseCorey L, Wald A, Patel R, Sacks SL, Tyring SK, Warren T, et al. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(1):11-20.
CloseAustralasian Society for Infectious Diseases (ASID). Management of Perinatal Infections. Sydney, NSW: Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases (ASID); 2014. Available from: https://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/RPA/neonatal%5Ccontent/pdf/guidelines/ASID_guidelines.pdf.
CloseChow E, Read T, Wigan R, Donovan B, Chen M, Bradshaw C. Ongoing decline in genital warts among young heterosexuals 7 years after the Australian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2015;91(3):214-9.
CloseHistorical HPV vaccination coverage rates. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/historical-human-papillomavirus-hpv-immunisation-coverage-rates
CloseKoutsky L. Epidemiology of genital human papilloma virus infection. Am J Med. 1997;102(5A):3-8.
CloseAustralian Immunisation Handbook: Hepatitis A. available at:https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccine-preventable-diseases/hepatitis-a
CloseDecision-making in HBV [internet]. Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine: 2015. Available from: https://ashm.org.au/resources/HBV-Resources-list/decision-making-in-hbv/.
CloseAustralian Immunisation Handbook: Hepatitis B. available from: https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/vaccine-preventable-diseases/hepatitis-b.
CloseHepatitis Australia: Hepatitis statistics. Available from: https://www.hepatitisaustralia.com/hepatitis-statistics
CloseAustralasian Sexual Health Alliance (ASHA). [Internet]. Screening and diagnosis. Available from: http://www.hepcguidelines.org.au/screening-and-diagnosis/.
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Department of Health. Infectious syphilis outbreak. [Internet]. Australian Government; 2019.
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Australasian STI Management Guidelines for use in Primary Care [internet]. Australasian Sexual Health Alliance. Syphilis. [Updated 2018 Mar 29]. Available from: http://www.sti.guidelines.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections/syphilis#diagnosis.
CloseKirby Institute. HIV in Australia: annual surveillance short report 2018. [Internet]. Sydney, NSW: UNSW Sydney, Kirby Institute; 2018. Available from: https://kirby.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/kirby/report/supplHIV2018_content_20180920r.pdf.
CloseMedland N, Chow E, Read T, Ong J, Chen M, Denham I. Incident HIV infection has fallen rapidly in men who have sex with men in Melbourne, Australia (2013-2017) but not in the newly-arrived Asian-born. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):410.
CloseDepartment of Health. National Notifiable Diseases: Australia’s Notifiable Diseases Status: Annual Report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System [internet]. Australian Government; 2019 [updated 2019 March 26]. Available from: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-pubs-annlrpt-nndssar.htm.
CloseAustralian Federation of AIDS Organisations (AFAO): HIV In Australia 2021. Available from: https://www.afao.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/HIV-in-Australia-2021.pdf
CloseASHM National HIV Testing Policy. Available from: https://testingportal.ashm.org.au/national-hiv-testing-policy/
CloseAustralasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine (ASHM). A guide for clinicians to discuss Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U). 2018.
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Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine (ASHM). Australian PEP Guidelines [2016] Available from: https://www.ashm.org.au/HIV/hiv-management/PEP/
CloseASHM PrEP Guidelines 2021 Update. Available from:https://prepguidelines.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ASHM-National-PrEP-Guidelines.pdf
CloseGoller JL, Coombe J, Bourne C, Bateson D, Temple-Smith M, Tomnay J, Vaisey A, Chen MY, O Donnell H, Groos A, Sanci L, Hocking J. Patient-delivered partner therapy for chlamydia in Australia: can it become part of routine care? Sex Health. 2020 Aug;17(4):321-329. doi: 10.1071/SH20024. PMID: 32741430.
CloseCentres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); STI Treatment Guidelines 2021 (Mycoplasma genitalium); [updated 2021 July]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/mycoplasmagenitalium.htm
CloseCentres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); 2022. PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis); [updated 2022 Jun 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prep.html.
CloseNSW Health Education Centre Against Violence (ECAV); Medical and Forensic Management of Adult Sexual Assault. 2nd Ed. 2016.
CloseAustralian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine (ASHM);. Hepatitis B and Primary Care Providers [2012] https://ashm.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Hep_B_and_Primary_Care.pdf
CloseHartley, M. Trichomoniasis [Internet]. New Zealand: DermNet; 2009 [updated 2019 Sep; cited 2023 Jan 23]. Available from: https://dermnetnz.org/topics/trichomoniasis
CloseHepatitis B prevalence and epidemiology in Australia [Internet]. B Positive. 2022 [cited 2023Jan21]. Available from: https://hepatitisb.org.au/prevalence-and-epidemiology-of-hepatitis-b/
CloseNational Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance. Annual Immunisation Coverage Report 2020. Sydney: National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and The University of Sydney. Available at: https://www.ncirs.org.au/sites/default/files/2021-11/NCIRSAnnualImmunisationCoveragereport2020.pdf
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